Growing Admiration for Subhas Chandra Bose

A controversial figure in the West, where his choice of allies won him few admirers, Bose is enjoying a surge of renewed interest and popularity in India. The new film -- "Bose: The Forgotten Hero" -- is the latest in a series of books, magazine articles and other tributes to "Netaji," or "the Leader," as Bose is generally known.  Directed by veteran Indian filmmaker Shyam Benegal, the 3 1/2 hour, $5.5 million epic -- an exceptionally costly film by Indian standards -- focuses on Bose's war years, when he made a daring escape to Nazi Germany via Afghanistan and later led his ragtag followers in quixotic battle against British forces in the jungles of Burma.

Subhas Chandra Bose, The Indian National Army, and The War of India's Liberation
Ranjan Borra

The Birth of Modern Israel:  A Scrap of Paper That Changed History

Whatever their perspective, Jews and Arabs would agree on the fundamental importance of the document issued by the government of what was then the world's leading superpower. The Balfour Declaration is in the words of Norman Rose, the British-born Hebrew University professor who is a leading historian of the period, "generally acknowledged to be the first decisive step towards the creation of a Jewish independent state". For Zionists, therefore, a triumphant moment.

Behind the Balfour Declaration: Britain's Great War Pledge To Lord Rothschild
Robert John

Mercedes Heir Extorted By Holocaust 'Charity

The businessman had previously refused all requests for him to make a donation, arguing that as an individual he was not obligated to the fund. His change of heart seems to be a response to protests by Jewish groups that have gone to extraordinary lengths to highlight the role played by the Mercedes family in the Nazi war machine. The protesters marred the opening of an exhibition of his artworks at The Hamburger Bahnhof Museum in Berlin. Inside the exhibition, a man stripped naked and began to shave his head and body hair, in an act he described as "solidarity with the survivors of slave labour".

William Mullen

The premier artifact at the Museum of Science and Industry, a captured U-505 German submarine, will resurface June 5 in a $35 million subterranean room of its own, going back on public display for the first time in three years in dramatic fashion. Since it arrived at the museum 51 years ago, 24 million people have toured the 252-foot U-boat. But being stored outdoors through the city's cold winters and blistering summers took a serious physical toll, and the submarine was closed in 2002 to prepare for its move to a new underground, climate-controlled home.

History's Greatest Naval Disasters
John Ries

Ignorance and even suppression of the facts of these marine disasters is part of the general ignorance in the United States about the great loss of life and terrible suffering endured by the German people during the Second World War, above all in the conflict's grim final months.

Neocons Invented Pretexts for Iraq War Says Bamford
Kevin B. Zeese

Pretext describes how the claims involving Iraq's weapons of mass destruction, the connections between Saddam Hussein and al Qaeda, and Hussein's involvement with 9/11, were simply used as pretexts for a war long planned by a small group of neoconservatives supportive of the Israeli government's policies' and the expansion of U.S. military power throughout the Middle East. [David] Wurmser... authored a paper in January 2001 arguing that the U.S. and Israel jointly launch a pre-emptive war throughout the Middle East and North Africa to establish U.S.-Israeli dominance. The U.S. and Israel should "strike fatally, not merely disarm, the centers of radicalism in the region ­ the regimes of Damascus, Baghdad, Tripoli, Tehran, and Gaza," he wrote. He then added that, "crisises are opportunities."

Iraq: A War for Israel
Mark Weber

In an address to pro-Israel activists at the 2004 convention of the American Israel Public Affairs Committee (AIPAC), Bush said: "The United States is strongly committed, and I am strongly committed, to the security of Israel as a vibrant Jewish state." He also told the gathering: "By defending the freedom and prosperity and security of Israel, you’re also serving the cause of America."

Professor Disputes Holocaust

The phone call inquiring about Professor Jane Christensen's views on the Holocaust was brief. Asked directly about her view of the Holocaust — Do you believe that the historic accounts of the Holocaust are true? — Christensen's response was cryptic and evasive. "Do you mean the Holocaust in Fallujah?" she said.

Nelson Sunk By Political Correctness Raiding Party

Admiral Nelson saw off the mighty Franco-Spanish fleet at the battle of Trafalgar but 200 years on, he has been sunk by a wave of political correctness. Organisers of a re-enactment to mark the bicentenary of the battle next month have decided it should be between “a Red Fleet and a Blue Fleet” not British and French/Spanish forces. Otherwise they fear visiting dignitaries, particularly the French, would be embarrassed at seeing their side routed.

Israelis Continue To Dispossess Millions of Palestinians

In 1948, the newly established Israeli government, headed by David Ben Gurion, decided to confiscate up to 90 per cent of lands that had been owned by Palestinians for many generations. In all, 18,8650,000 dunams, or 18,865 square kilometres (about 93 per cent of Israel's area) was seized by the so- called Custodian of Absentee Property. A few years later, the lands were transferred to the Development Authority and then to the Land of Israel Authority, a quasi-government agency answerable to the Jewish Agency.

More Holocaust 'Survivors' To Get Compensation

BERLIN: The German Government has recognised Jews held in labour camps in Africa as a new category of Holocaust survivor eligible for compensation payments, the Jewish Claims Conference said on Thursday. The German Government also agreed to provide Euro 9 million to help provide home care for increasingly elderly Holocaust survivors. Last year it paid Euro 6 million for the purpose, which was allocated to 43 agencies serving Jewish victims in 17 countries, the organisation said.

Israel Tries New Image Campaign

Israel has always had a high profile in the world, albeit a troubled one. This is because of the Holocaust... Throughout its existence, Israel's image-making machine has been hugely successful in the West, and especially in the US. To a large extent, Israel continues to be a successful image maker. Not only is US foreign policy firmly biased in favour of Israel (even when that bias goes against US national interest), but so is its mainstream media. A new two-year study of NBC, ABC and CBS released at a Capitol Hill hearing on May 9 underscores this lopsided bias.

Galloway: The Man Who Took On America
Rupert Cornwell

When the matter at hand is as contentious as the Iraqi oil-for-food scandal, most witnesses appear with a phalanx of lawyers, advising them when to "take the Fifth" and thus avoid potentially incriminating testimony. Not so George Galloway. Not a lawyer was in sight, and even if one had been whispering in his ear, he almost certainly would not have listened. Instead, he took the battle to his accusers. Mr Coleman looked as if he had not been spoken to like that since his father caught him cheating on high school homework.

Video: Galloway Takes On US Oil Accusers (includes transcript)

The Holocaust Wars
Paul Eisen

... the second Zundel trial in 1988, lasted for almost four months. It was in this trial that Zundel commissioned Fred Leuchter, an expert on executions by gas in the U.S. to visit Auschwitz and conduct a forensic examination which was presented in court as proving conclusively that there were no homicidal gas chambers at Auschwitz.  For the revisionist community, that day in April 1988 when Fred Leuchter presented his report to the court, was the day the myth of the Holocaust was finally laid to rest.

Fred Leuchter: Courageous Defender of Historical Truth
Mark Weber

Until early 1988, Fred A. Leuchter, Jr. -- like most Americans -- basically accepted the Holocaust extermination story. In itself that is not at all remarkable, except that this man also just happened to be the foremost American expert on gassing and gas chamber technology.

Dershowitz Fires Back At His Critics
Steve Weiss

An academic battle simmering for two years is coming to a boil with the release next month of a new book taking aim at Harvard University professor Alan Dershowitz and his support for Israel. In the new book, "Beyond Chutzpah," DePaul University professor Norman Finkelstein attempts to discredit Dershowitz's 2003 bestseller, "The Case for Israel." The title of the new books is a play on Dershowitz's 1991 book, "Chutzpah," which made the case for Jewish assertiveness in American life.

Hitler Book More Sought After Than Ever

Silvyo Ovadya, the head of Turkey's Jewish community, said he was "troubled" by the book's popularity, telling AFP he was "astonished a 500-page book that sows the seeds of racism and anti-Semitism can sell at such a low price." But, he said, his complaints to the publishers have gone unheeded. Meanwhile, the general prosecutor's office of Azerbaijan last December investigated the publication of "Mein Kampf" by Avaz Zeynalli , the editor of an Azeri newspaper. According to Zeynalli, the investigation was prompted by a complaint by the Israeli embassy in Baku and the Azeri Jewish community.

Mein Kampf is available from Noontide Press

Irving, Weber Speak on Hitler’s Place In History

British historian David Irving and IHR director Mark Weber tackled the emotion-laden topic of Hitler’s place in history at an IHR meeting on Sunday evening, April 17, 2005. Some 70 men and women packed a hotel meeting room in Orange County, southern California, for the standing-room-only event.

Click here to buy audio tapes and CDs of the Irving and Weber lectures

What's 'American' About the American Israel Public Affairs Committee?

Of all the U.S. lobbies, few wield more influence than the pro-Israel interest groups. According to some estimates, there are about 500 national and local organizations that collectively make up the pro-Israel lobby. And of those, AIPAC arguably carries the most weight – "the most effective general interest group over the entire planet," Newt Gingrich once said of AIPAC.

America's Reputation in Tatters
Paul Craig Roberts

As intent as Republicans were to impeach President Clinton for lying about a sexual affair, they have a blind eye for President Bush's far more serious lies. Bush's lies have caused the deaths of tens of thousands of people, injured and maimed tens of thousands more, devastated a country, destroyed America's reputation, caused one billion Muslims to hate America, ruined our alliances with Europe, created a police state at home, and squandered $300 billion and counting.

Official Says Hundreds of US Citizens Likely Died in Gulags

Soviet authorities imprisoned millions who were considered "enemies of the state" and forced them to perform hard labor in the network of camps in remote areas of the country. The publication of Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago" in the early '70s focused the West's attention on the camps. For more than a decade, Kass and his team have investigated dozens of reports about Americans spotted in the gulags.

The Gulag: Communism's Penal Colonies Revisited
Dan Michaels

For whatever reason, American researchers have seemed content to relegate the "Gulag archipelago" to the dustbin of history. Pitifully for the reputation of the United States and Great Britain, all too many of their scholars, writers, artists, and politicians ignored, or even sought to justify, the Soviet camps when Communism ruled Russia.

Pro-Israel Bias In US Television Shown in New Study

In the first year of the current uprising, when there were four times more Palestinians being killed than Israelis, two out of three networks reported on more Israeli deaths than Palestinian deaths. This gives the viewer an essentially inverted view of the violence, which persists in following years. Such distortion also creates a chronological reversal, in which Israeli forces are seen as retaliating, when in reality many Palestinians were killed in the West Bank and Gaza before any Jewish Israelis were killed inside Israel.

Download a PDF version of the study here

Norman Finkelstein, a Jewish scholar who is vehemently attacked for his criticisms of Israeli policies and the “Holocaust industry” addressed more than 200 students at a packed lecture hall at California State University in Fullerton on Monday evening, May 9. The student paper reported on the meeting, which generated heated discussion on campus.

John Daniszewski

British Foreign Secretary Straw agreed that Bush seemed determined to act militarily, although the timing was not certain. "But the case was thin," the minutes say. "Saddam was not threatening his neighbors, and his WMD capacity was less than that of Libya, North Korea or Iran." Straw then proposed to "work up a plan for an ultimatum to Saddam" to permit United Nations weapons inspectors back into Iraq. "This would also help with the legal justification for the use of force," he said, according to the minutes.

Head of Alleged Concentration Camp Victims Admits Lying

Enric Marco, who published a book entitled "Memories of Hell" in 1978 about his experiences, confessed he had invented his account of suffering in Germany's Flossenburg concentration camp. "Why? It was a way of getting as close as possible to say what I needed to say," Marco told Telecinco television on Wednesday. "I took on the part of other companions who because of age or other reasons could not play this role."

How Good Was the 'Good' War?

For the Western Allies, the ‘‘good war’’ was compromised in other ways, particularly by the bombing campaign that reduced the cities of Germany to rubble. Here is another somber comparison, between the 300,000 British servicemen killed in the war and the 600,000 German civilians killed by Allied mainly British bombing. At the time consciences were numbed the war had to be won, and ‘‘they had it coming’’ but it is not now easy to look back with pride on the scores of thousands of women and children incinerated in Hamburg in July 1943 or Dresden in February 1945.

Nickelodeon Tells Kids: Alamo Fought For Slavery

The heroic resistance and loss of life made the Alamo the "cradle of Texas liberty" to most Americans, but that's not the story Nickelodeon tells. A teenage Hispanic girl provides the voice over as she walks in front of the Alamo: "By the early 1800s, a lot of people living in San Antonio were farmers who brought their slaves with them. In 1829, Mexico abolished slavery and what followed was years of conflict between farmers who wanted to keep their slaves and Mexican authorities. This conflict led up to the battle for the Alamo."

Nickelodeon is not the first to revise the history of the Alamo.

An Ethical Blank Cheque

British and US mythology about the second world war ignores our own crimes and legitimises Anglo-American warmaking.

In 1945, as at the end of all wars, the victor powers spun the conflict's history to serve the interests of their elites. Wartime propaganda thus achieved an extraordinary afterlife. As Vladimir Putin showed yesterday, the Great Patriotic War remains a key political resource in Russia. In Britain and the US, too, a certain idea of the second world war is enthusiastically kept alive and less flattering memories suppressed.

Germany Unveils Memorial to 'Holocaust' Victims

A vast new Holocaust memorial that opens in the heart of Berlin on Tuesday after 17 years of fevered debate will be greeted by many Germans but may attract vandals, said the politician who is to unveil it.

"I believe it will be accepted by the younger generation, but surely not by everyone," Wolfgang Thierse, speaker of the Bundestag parliament, told German radio. "There will be opposition, indifference, denial."

He was later formally to unveil the memorial, a "haunting" field of 2,711 gray gravestone-like slabs, at a ceremony attended by its American architect Peter Eisenman, leaders from Germany's Jewish community and a number of "Holocaust survivors."

It sits between the Brandenburg Gate and the buried remains of Adolf Hitler's bunker, and after it is opened to the public on Thursday visitors can wander in freely at any time.

Bush watched goose-stepping soldiers and flags emblazoned with the Soviet hammer and sickle that recalled the days of communist rule. He sat beside Putin on a reviewing stand next to Lenin's tomb.

White House counselor Dan Bartlett said Bush was not uncomfortable with the trappings. Bartlett said it "demonstrates how far we've come in the world" after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the end of the nuclear-tinged standoff of the Cold War.

Fading Illusions: D-Day and Reagan

an interview with Mark Weber

The myths that helped propel America on her D-Day crusade are in large part the same myths that sustained and elected Ronald Reagan. They are myths which appeal to many good White Americans: the myth that we still possess freedom and independence, that there has been a continuity of our government with that of the founding fathers, and that supporting the current regime is synonymous with patriotism, among others. But, appealing as they are, belief in these myths is leading directly to the death of America and our civilization itself.

The Origins of the Second World War

Hitler's Declaration of War Against the United States

Churchill's War: An Unsettled Legacy

"...it's a crime to question the official Jewish death toll figures or the gas chamber story in the events now called The Holocaust. Penalties include fines and actual imprisonment! Holocaust heretic Ernst Zundel was deported from the US to Canada where he spent two years in solitary confinement. Now he sits in a German prison. Who's next?"

Impeachment Time: "Facts Were Fixed."

The memo uncovered this week by the Times, goes on to describe an elaborate plan by George Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blair to hoodwink the planet into supporting an attack on Iraq knowing full well the evidence for war was a phony. A conspiracy to commit serial fraud is, under federal law, racketeering. However, the Mob's schemes never cost so many lives.

Can We Talk?

from The Nation by Eric Alterman

This war has put Jews in the showcase as never before. Its primary intellectual architects--Paul Wolfowitz, Richard Perle and Douglas Feith--are all Jewish neoconservatives. So, too, are many of its prominent media cheerleaders, including William Kristol, Charles Krauthammer and Marty Peretz. Joe Lieberman, the nation's most conspicuous Jewish politician, has been an avid booster, going so far as to rebuke his former partner Al Gore and much of his own party.

Remembrance Day

The first two lessons in the Spring 2005 unit of ADL's Curriculum Connections for high school students introduce the concept of "Never Again!" as a response to the Holocaust and highlight the one-man crusade by a Polish, Jewish lawyer and Holocaust survivor to establish a convention in international law that would prevent and punish the crime of genocide. The second half of the unit examines the barriers that have thwarted the realization of "Never Again!" since World War II, with a special emphasis on the genocide in the Darfur region of Sudan.

1st Strike On Iran 'Gaining Traction' Report Urges U.S., Israel To Consider Pre-emptive Attack Against Tehran

"Israel will not, I repeat, will not, allow Iran to go nuclear," said a top IDF official who talked on condition his name be withheld. "Right now, we are giving diplomacy a try, but if it becomes clear that Iran is going nuclear and will not be deterred, even by sanctions, we will not sit by and do nothing. The question though is whether we act, or America acts."

The official said Israel would prefer that the U.S. carry out any military action.

World War II — 60 Years After: For Victims Of Stalin's Deportations, War Lives On

As we mark the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II, RFE/RL is looking again at some of the factors that determined the course of the struggle and shaped the new world that emerged from it.

Among the tragic events that unfolded on the sidelines of World War II was the forced resettlement to Siberia, the Far East, and Central Asia of hundreds of thousands Soviet citizens. Not only did Stalin's decision to send entire peoples into exile result in innumerable deaths, it also sealed the fate of entire populations for many years to come. Even today, some of these peoples continue to suffer the consequences of the 1944 deportations.

The inquiry has cast a cloud over the American Israel Public Affairs Committee, which employed the two men who are said to have received the classified information from Mr. Franklin. The group, also known as Aipac, has close ties to senior policymakers in the Bush administration, among them Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, who is expected to appear later this month at the group's annual meeting.

The investigation has proven awkward as well for a group of conservative Republicans, who held high-level civilian jobs at the Pentagon during President Bush's first term and the buildup toward the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq, and who were also close to Aipac.

A poll by the Levada Centre found that 21 percent consider Stalin a "wise leader" and 31 percent a "cruel, inhuman tyrant." Eighteen percent said Russians can only be governed by such men. Support came mostly from pro-Communist regions, the elderly, the uneducated and the poor.

For some, Stalin nostalgia seems above all a way to make money.

After Levin Dombrowsky's body was dissected in an anatomy class, his skull was tagged "Jew" and added to a collection of human remains that scholars believe may have been used for racial research.

In 2001, Dombrowsky's skull was displayed in an exhibition that showed the racial thinking that once preoccupied Swedish researchers. Jewish leaders saw it and started pressing for it to be handed over for burial.

The skull was buried at Malmo's Jewish cemetery in a ceremony attended by representatives of Sweden's parliamentary parties.

Irving, Weber Speak on Hitler’s Place In History
News from the Institute for Historical Review

Weber, who has written extensively on twentieth-century European history, and is a court-recognized expert on Germany’s wartime “Final Solution” policy, spoke first. He began his 45-minute address, entitled “Is an Objective View of Hitler Possible?,” by mentioning John F. Kennedy’s visit to defeated and war-ravaged Germany in the summer of 1945.
Read full report here...

Click here to buy audio tapes and CDs of the Irving and Weber lectures

(Click Here to Go Straight to the Noontide Press Website!)

Wake Up!
Washington's Alarming Foreign Policy
Chalmers Johnson

I believe that on November 2, 2004, the United States crossed its own Rubicon. Until last year’s presidential election, ordinary citizens could claim that our foreign policy, including the invasion of Iraq, was George Bush’s doing and that we had not voted for him. In 2000, Bush lost the popular vote and was appointed president by the Supreme Court. In 2004, he garnered 3.5 million more votes than John Kerry. The result is that Bush’s war changed into America’s war and his conduct of international relations became our own.

This is important because it raises the question of whether restoring sanity and prudence to American foreign policy is still possible. During the Watergate scandal of the early ’70s, the president’s chief of staff, H. R. Haldeman, once reproved White House counsel John Dean for speaking too frankly to Congress about the felonies President Nixon had ordered. “John,” he said, “once the toothpaste is out of the tube, it’s very hard to get it back in.” This homely warning by a former advertising executive who was to spend 18 months in prison for his own role in Watergate fairly accurately describes the situation of the United States after the reelection of George W. Bush.

James Weinstein, the founding editor of In These Times, recently posed for me the question “How should U.S. foreign policy be changed so that the United States can play a more positive role on the world stage?” For me, this raises at least three different problems that are interrelated. The first must be solved before we can address the second, and the second has to be corrected before it even makes sense to take up the third.

Rewriting Latvian History
Russian President Vladimir Putin is planning to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the end of World War II by celebrating former Soviet might. But for the Baltic states the day of liberation from the Nazis was also the day of occupation by the Soviets. For this reason, the Latvian president is demanding clarification for Stalin's crimes.

Former Soviet Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin would be turning over in his grave if he could hear what's now being said about him on the second floor of his former summer residence in the Latvian Baltic seaside resort of Yurmala. The conversation is no friendlier when it comes to his cronies, members of the privileged Communist "master race." They came to Latvia in 1944 to "occupy" the country and ostensibly deported its residents to Siberia or drove them into exile. And it was all done under the pretext of stamping out fascism. Now, after years of silence, Latvians have finally decided to put an end to the deliberate concealment of Soviet crimes.

President Vike-Freiberga: "The defeat of the Nazis did not result in the liberation of my country. Instead, the three Baltic states, Latvia, Estonia and Lithuania, were subjected to a brutal occupation by yet another foreign, totalitarian regime -- the Soviet Union."

Hitler as 'Enlightenment Intellectual': The Enduring Allure of Hitlerism
Reviewed by Mark Weber

A specter is haunting the world -- the specter of Hitlerism. That, in short, is the stern warning of this provocative book, written by an Assistant Professor of History at Ball State University (Indiana), and published by Praeger, a leading US academic publisher.

In spite of decades of vehement vilification, says author Lawrence Birken, Hitler's views have enduring and dangerous appeal -- not because they are bizarre and alien, but precisely because they are rational and well grounded in Western thought. In particular, Birken stresses, Hitlerism is firmly rooted in the rationalist and scientific outlook of the 18th-century European Enlightenment. This is not meant as a compliment, however; the author is hostile to the West and its traditions. Rejecting the American and Western historical legacy, Prof. Birken openly calls for a new, racially homogenized America.

A Reel Tribute To a Real Life Hero
He was one Indian independence leader whose life was the stuff crazy adventure stories are made of. In fact only art can imitate the life of a national hero like Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose.

As India, especially the Bengali community to which he belongs to, still debates his disappearance (or death) since a plane crash in 1945 in Taipei, an important filmmaker in Bollywood is finally ready with his cinematic tribute to this patriot who was Mahatma Gandhi's anti-thesis in the fight against British rule.

'His Authority was Extraordinary. He was Charming' – Hitler's Nurse on His Final Hours

For 60 years, Erna Flegal said nothing about her starring role in the Third Reich. Her family knew that in the last, desperate weeks of the second world war she had lived in Berlin. But she never spoke of her job as Hitler's nurse and of her time in the Führer's Berlin bunker.

Now, as the 60th anniversary of the end of the war in Europe nears, Ms Flegel has spoken out for the first time about her experiences - of Hitler's final hours, of her friendship with the "brilliant" Magda Goebbels, and her jealous loathing for Eva Braun. Her testimony casts fresh light on the last days of the Nazi era and has never appeared in the countless books written about Hitler.

How Hitler Lived and Died
More than 10 million Europeans have seen the film Downfall, about Hitler’s last 10 days in his Berlin bunker.

Weakend by a nervous disorder, Parkinson’s disease, and trapped with his closest associates, the Führer is portrayed as a neurotic, distant, fiery, but also human tyrant. All around him the Russian Red Army is closing in and his world is falling apart.

But few of those who have seen the film would have noticed the name of one Rochus Misch in the epilogue. Misch was Hitler’s telephone operator and bodyguard, and today is the last surviving eyewitness to one of the most dramatic moments in history.

These days the former SS soldier lives just a few miles from his wartime bunker workplace, in a cosy wooden house with a well-kept lawn in the quiet neighbourhood of Rudow.

At the ripe old age of 88, Misch is still an imposing figure, with a steady handshake and good health.

Misch has lived in his little white house for the last 63 years, ever since he married his beloved Gerda in 1942 when the second world war was ravaging Europe and Nazi military power was at its peak. As a wedding gift from Hitler, he received a chest of fine champagne.

On a table in the Misch household lie two thick notebooks – a personal archive from the time he was in Hitler’s service. There are also letters from people around the world who have read about Misch or seen him on TV programmes. Most of them say they admire him. Not because he was a Nazi (and probably still is), but because he makes no attempt to conceal his admiration for the Nazi leader, despite Hitler’s responsibility for the deaths of some six million Jews.